REFRAMING TARBIYYAH IN DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS: AN INTERPRETIVE STUDY OF SPIRITUAL FORMATION AND TEACHER–STUDENT RELATIONSHIPS IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION: Author: Malaysia. (2026). International Journal of Islamic Theology & Civilization (E-ISSN-3009-1551), 4(3), 40-53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23257479