REFRAMING TARBIYYAH IN DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS: AN INTERPRETIVE STUDY OF SPIRITUAL FORMATION AND TEACHER–STUDENT RELATIONSHIPS IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION: Author: Malaysia. International Journal of Islamic Theology & Civilization (E-ISSN-3009-1551), [S. l.], v. 4, n. 3, p. 40–53, 2026. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23257479. Disponível em: https://ijitc.com/index.php/my/article/view/114.. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2026.