“REFRAMING TARBIYYAH IN DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS: AN INTERPRETIVE STUDY OF SPIRITUAL FORMATION AND TEACHER–STUDENT RELATIONSHIPS IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION: Author: Malaysia” (2026) International Journal of Islamic Theology & Civilization (E-ISSN-3009-1551), 4(3), pp. 40–53. doi:10.5281/zenodo.23257479.