“REFRAMING TARBIYYAH IN DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS: AN INTERPRETIVE STUDY OF SPIRITUAL FORMATION AND TEACHER–STUDENT RELATIONSHIPS IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION: Author: Malaysia”. International Journal of Islamic Theology & Civilization (E-ISSN-3009-1551) 4, no. 3 (October 31, 2026): 40–53. Accessed November 2, 2026. https://ijitc.com/index.php/my/article/view/114.