International Journal of Islamic Theology & Civilization (E-ISSN-3009-1551)
The International Journal of Islamic Theology & Civilization is an academic professional journal devoted to addressing current issues and future research in Islamic Theology and Islamic studies and related current issues in Islamic civilization. The aim of the journal is to strive to strengthen connections between research, discourse, and practice within the field of Islamic theology studies. Publication of this journal article will be scheduled for February, June, and November every year. The central mission of IJITC is to strengthen the intellectual connection between theoretical research, critical discourse, and practical application in the study of Islam and its civilization. It promotes interdisciplinary and comparative methodologies that amalgamate insights from theology, philosophy, history, education, law, ethics, and social sciences to tackle the evolving challenges encountered by Muslim societies in contemporary contexts. Academic rigor and integrity lie at the core of IJITC. A panel of qualified scholars and subject experts manages a double-blind peer review process for all submitted manuscripts. The review process emphasizes methodological robustness, originality, clarity, and contribution to knowledge, ensuring that only manuscripts that meet the highest academic standards are accepted for publication. The journal adheres strictly to ethical publishing practices in line with the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), requiring authors to maintain honesty in data reporting, transparency in research design, and responsibility in interpreting results. By encouraging strong research methods, logical reasoning, and ethical practices, IJITC makes sure that its published works are reliable and respected sources for researchers, teachers, policymakers, and professionals. Through the publication of original research articles, conceptual papers, and critical reviews, IJITC seeks to foster a more profound understanding of Islam as a living and evolving intellectual tradition. The journal also aspires to promote dialogue between classical Islamic scholarship and contemporary global thought, thereby contributing to the renewal and advancement of Islamic civilization in the twenty-first century. IJITC is published three time in a year and will be online world wide. The first issue will appear in February, June and November. Particular interests include but are not limited to: Islamic Theology Islam and West Politics/ Democracy and Islam Islamic civilizations Healthy Religious practices Minority rights in Islam Religious Tolerance Muslims in Malaysia Collective Ethics State responsibility Islamic Role in civic (society) life Inter-faith Ethnicity Comparative religion Islamic economy Waqf Muamalat Islamic History Hadith studies Quran studies Focus and Scope Encourage and publish research in the field of Islamic Theology & Civilizations issues. The term Islamic Theology s is broadly defined. Consistent with this policy, the IJITC publishes research in all fields of Islamic studies. Ethical Policy The journal upholds strict publication ethics and integrity in line with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines. Authors are expected to ensure originality, proper citation, and academic honesty in all submitted works. Plagiarism, data fabrication, and unethical research practices are strictly prohibited. Audience IJITC serves a diverse readership including academics, theologians, educators, graduate students, and policy researchers in the domains of Islamic studies, theology, and civilizational research. The journal also welcomes contributions from interdisciplinary scholars exploring the intersection between Islam and contemporary global issues. Mission To promote rigorous and ethical scholarship that reflects the principles of Islam and contributes to human knowledge. Our mission is to establish a connection between the traditional Islamic sciences and contemporary disciplines such as philosophy, education, law, ethics, and the social sciences. To encourage research that addresses real-world issues affecting Muslim societies, guided by Qur’anic principles, Prophetic traditions, and civilizational ethics. To nurture emerging scholars and researchers in the field of Islamic studies through mentorship, publication opportunities, and research collaboration. To support the globalization of Islamic knowledge through the use of English and Arabic as academic languages, thus reaching both Muslim and non-Muslim audiences. Open Access Policy This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Indexing Myjurnal, ERIC, Google Scholar, Zenodo, OpenAire index E-ISSN 3009-1551 Publication Fee In IJITC, all of the content is freely available without charge to the researcher or author. Publication Frequency IJITC, Journal of Islamic Theology and Civilizations, is published (3) issues per year (FEBRUARY, JUNE & NOVEMBER) JOURNAL TEMPLATE https://shorturl.at/KkLGH
BEYOND ISLAMIZATION: RETHINKING ISLAMIC KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY
The Islamization of Knowledge project, pioneered by Ismail Raji al Faruqi and further developed by Syed Muhammad Naquib al Attas through his concept of the Islamization of the mind (de Westernization), represents one of the most ambitious intellectual enterprises of twentieth century Islamic thought. However, despite its foundational importance, the project has attracted sustained critique regarding its epistemological assumptions, methodological coherence, and practical limitations. This article offers a rigorous critical reassessment of both frameworks, situating them within the broader landscape of contemporary Islamic intellectual discourse. Drawing on a systematic review of primary and secondary sources, this study interrogates the enduring relevance, unresolved tensions, and productive possibilities of the Islamization project. The article proposes a post Islamization paradigm that moves beyond binary frameworks of East/West or sacred/secular, embracing epistemic pluralism, decolonial critique, and contextually embedded Islamic knowledge production. The findings suggest that while the Islamization project laid indispensable groundwork, twenty first century Islamic scholarship requires more nuanced, dialogical, and empirically engaged frameworks capable of addressing the complex realities of Muslim majority societies globally.
Islamization of Knowledge, al Faruqi, al Attas, Islamic epistemology, decolonial thought, knowledge production, post Islamization
DETERMINANTS OF PUBLIC TRUST IN CONTEMPORARY FATWA INSTITUTIONS: A QUANTITATIVE MODEL BASED ON LEGITIMACY THEORY
Public trust in fatwa institutions is a critical yet understudied dimension of Islamic governance, particularly in pluralistic Muslim-majority societies undergoing rapid modernisation. This study investigates the determinants of public trust in contemporary fatwa institutions by developing and empirically testing a quantitative model grounded in Legitimacy Theory. Drawing on a cross-sectional survey of 385 respondents from five Malaysian states, the study examines the predictive effects of four independent variables institutional transparency, scholarly competence, procedural justice, and societal relevance on public trust as the dependent variable. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression with SPSS Version 26.0. Findings reveal that all four determinants significantly predict public trust, with scholarly competence (β = 0.412, p < .001) and institutional transparency (β = 0.374, p < .001) emerging as the strongest predictors. The overall model explained 68.3% of the variance in public trust (R² = .683, F(4, 380) = 162.47, p < .001). The study advances fatwa scholarship by integrating Legitimacy Theory into the Islamic governance literature and offers practical recommendations for fatwa-issuing bodies seeking to strengthen public confidence and institutional authority in contemporary contexts.
Public trust, fatwa institutions, legitimacy theory, Islamic governance, scholarly competence, institutional transparency
TWO DECADES OF SUFISM SCHOLARSHIP IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW (2010-2026)
Sufism, also known as tasawwuf, constitutes one of the most enduring intellectual and spiritual dimensions of the Islamic tradition and has, in recent decades, attracted growing scholarly attention across diverse academic disciplines. Despite this expansion, comprehensive bibliometric mapping that captures the global structure, intellectual evolution, and collaborative dynamics of Sufism research remains limited. This study presents a bibliometric review of Sufism scholarship in the Islamic world over the period 2010–2026, drawing on a dataset of 2,673 publications retrieved from the Scopus database. The findings reveal a steady upward trajectory of publications, a strong conceptual core anchored by Sufism and tasawwuf, and a maturing intellectual structure increasingly engaged with interdisciplinary themes such as gender, regional Sufi traditions, ethics, and Muslim identity. The United Kingdom, United States, and Iran emerge as the most productive contributors, while the Journal of Sufi Studies and Contemporary Islam stand out as the most citation-impactful outlets. However, formal cross-border co-authorship between Western and Muslim-majority countries remains limited, signalling a persistent collaborative gap. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the global research landscape of Sufism and provides empirical direction for future cross-cultural, interdisciplinary, and regionally inclusive scholarly inquiry.
Sufism; tasawwuf; Islamic mysticism; bibliometric analysis; BiblioPro; Islamic world; scholarly trends
RECONCEPTUALISING INCLUSIVE SPECIAL EDUCATION THROUGH ISLAMIC EPISTEMOLOGY: TOWARD A TAWHIDIC FRAMEWORK OF DISABILITY AND LEARNING
The global discourse on inclusive special education has been predominantly shaped by Western humanistic, rights-based, and medical-social paradigms, which, while progressive, often operate within a secular epistemological framework that may not fully resonate with the worldview of Muslim learners, families, and educators. This conceptual paper seeks to reconceptualise inclusive special education through the lens of Islamic epistemology, proposing a Tawhidic framework of disability and learning. Grounded in the doctrine of Tawhid (the absolute oneness of God), the framework integrates revelation (wahy), reason (aql), and intuition (qalb) as complementary sources of knowledge that inform how disability is understood and how learning is facilitated. Employing a qualitative conceptual analysis of Quranic verses, prophetic traditions, and contemporary scholarship in Islamic education and disability studies, this study synthesises five interrelated themes: the ontological dignity of all human beings (karamah insaniyyah), the principle of fitrah (innate human disposition), the ethics of rahmah (mercy) in pedagogy, the communal responsibility of ummah, and the educational telos of servitude (ubudiyyah) and vicegerency (khilafah). Findings suggest that a Tawhidic framework reframes disability not as deficit but as part of divine diversity (sunnat Allah), and learning as a holistic developmental process directed toward both worldly competence and spiritual fulfilment. The discussion highlights practical implications for curriculum design, teacher dispositions, parental engagement, and institutional policy within Muslim-majority contexts such as Malaysia. The paper concludes that integrating Islamic epistemology with mainstream inclusive education models offers a culturally authentic, ethically grounded, and pedagogically transformative paradigm for special education.
Tawhidic framework, Islamic epistemology, inclusive special education, disability, fitrah, rahmah, Islamic pedagogy
CHALLENGES OF TEACHING AQIDAH IN THE TIKTOK GENERATION: A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
This conceptual paper examines the multifaceted challenges confronting educators tasked with teaching Aqidah (Islamic creed) to a generation deeply immersed in TikTok and similar short-form video platforms. Drawing upon Media Ecology Theory, Cognitive Load Theory, and constructivist learning paradigms, the paper identifies and analyses eight critical pedagogical challenges: (1) attention fragmentation and the erosion of contemplative learning; (2) algorithmic exposure to deviant theological content and pseudo-religious authorities; (3) the displacement of textual scholarly authority (ulama) by visual influencer culture; (4) parasocial relationships with online religious content creators; (5) echo-chamber effects on theological worldview formation; (6) identity instability complicating aqidah internalisation; (7) the dominance of visual-experiential epistemology over rational-textual proof (dalil ʿaqli wa naqli); and (8) the crisis of teacher authority in physical classroom settings. The paper proposes an integrated conceptual framework that synthesises digital literacy, contemplative pedagogy, and traditional uṣūl al-dīn methodology to address these challenges. Implications for Islamic Studies curriculum design, teacher professional development, and institutional policy at higher education institutions in Malaysia and the broader Muslim world are discussed.
Aqidah education, TikTok generation, Islamic pedagogy, digital literacy, religious authority, algorithmic culture, short-form video
GLOBAL RESEARCH TRENDS ON SALAFISM: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT, THEMATIC EVOLUTION, AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION (2000–2025)
This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research trends on Salafism spanning the period from 2000 to 2025, employing a multi-dimensional science mapping framework that integrates publication trend analysis, keyword co-occurrence mapping, citation impact trajectories, institutional and authorial profiling, and international collaboration network analysis. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database using a structured search strategy and analysed using Bibliopro software (Version 1.0). The findings reveal a classic growth-peak-decline publication lifecycle, with scholarly productivity reaching its zenith between approximately 2010 and 2020 before entering a gradual consolidation phase. Keyword frequency analysis demonstrates a pronounced power-law distribution, with "Salafism" dominating the corpus at 321 occurrences, while temporal keyword trend analysis identifies a divergence between traditional scholarly discourse and an emerging cluster of contemporary thematic concerns. The citation lifecycle analysis confirms that the most influential works, particularly those by Lauzière, Wagemakers, and Hegghammer, generated their highest citation impact during the peak phase, with citation attention tapering progressively thereafter. A particularly significant finding is the prominent role of Malaysian institutions, with the University of Malaya leading all contributing institutions globally, highlighting the Southeast Asian intellectual contribution to Salafism scholarship. Country collaboration network analysis reveals China as the single most dominant contributor by node size, while Mediterranean Politics and Die Welt des Islams emerge as the primary journal venues for the field. The study concludes with a discussion of thematic gaps, methodological limitations, and future research directions, including longitudinal co-word analysis, comparative multi-database studies, and the expansion of research into underrepresented regions and non-English scholarly traditions.
Salafism; bibliometric analysis; Islamic studies; science mapping; keyword co-occurrence; citation analysis; publication trends; research collaboration
CUSTOM (URF) AND LAW IN ISLAMIC HISTORY: NEGOTIATING LOCAL PRACTICE AND DIVINE NORMS
This research examines the intricate relationship between custom (ʿurf) and Islamic law (Sharīʿah) throughout Islamic history, exploring how Muslim jurists have negotiated the tension between divine norms and local practices. The concept of ʿurf represents one of the most dynamic aspects of Islamic jurisprudence, serving as a bridge between the universal principles of Sharīʿah and the diverse cultural contexts of Muslim communities. This study investigates the historical development of ʿurf as a legal principle, its theoretical foundations in Islamic jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh), and its practical applications across different madhāhib (legal schools) and geographical regions. Through a comprehensive analysis of classical and contemporary Islamic legal texts, this research demonstrates how ʿurf has functioned as a mechanism for legal flexibility and cultural adaptation while maintaining fidelity to core Islamic principles. The findings reveal that the incorporation of custom into Islamic law reflects a sophisticated legal methodology that balances permanence and change, universality and particularity, divine revelation and human reason. This research contributes to understanding how Islamic law has maintained its relevance across diverse cultures and historical periods through the judicious application of ʿurf, offering insights for contemporary discussions on Islamic legal reform and cultural authenticity.
ʿurf, custom, Islamic law, Sharīʿah, fiqh, uṣūl al-fiqh, legal theory, cultural adaptation, madhāhib, jurisprudence
RECONSTRUCTING ISLAMIC THOUGHT IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: AN EPISTEMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents unprecedented epistemological challenges and opportunities for Islamic thought. This conceptual paper examines the reconstruction of Islamic epistemology in response to AI technologies, exploring how traditional Islamic knowledge frameworks can engage with, critique, and contribute to contemporary AI discourse. Through a comprehensive epistemological analysis, this study investigates the intersection of Islamic intellectual tradition rooted in revelation (waḥy), reason (ʿaql), and empirical observation (mushāhadah) with AI's computational paradigms of knowledge acquisition and processing. The paper analyzes key epistemological tensions including the nature of consciousness and intelligence, ethical frameworks for autonomous systems, and the preservation of human agency in an increasingly automated world. Drawing on classical Islamic scholarship and contemporary technological developments, this research proposes a framework for Islamic engagement with AI that maintains theological integrity while embracing technological innovation. The findings suggest that Islamic epistemology offers distinctive insights on knowledge validation, ethical reasoning, and human dignity that can enrich global AI ethics discourse while addressing concerns about technological determinism and the displacement of human judgment. This reconstruction is essential not only for Muslim communities navigating technological transformation but also for contributing Islamic intellectual resources to broader conversations about the future of humanity in the age of intelligent machines.
Islamic epistemology, Artificial Intelligence, Islamic thought, maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, ijtihād, computational rationality, AI ethics, technology and religion, epistemological reconstruction, machine intelligence
CURRENT CHALLENGES AND INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR JAWI MASTERY IN CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC PRIMARY EDUCATION
This qualitative study examines the contemporary challenges and innovative pedagogical strategies employed in teaching Jawi script within Islamic primary education settings. Through semi-structured interviews with 15 Islamic primary school teachers and focus group discussions with 8 curriculum specialists across Malaysia, this research identifies critical pedagogical gaps, technological integration opportunities, and culturally responsive teaching approaches. The findings reveal that traditional rote-learning methods remain prevalent despite their limited efficacy, while digital literacy gaps, insufficient teacher training, and reduced instructional time pose significant barriers to Jawi mastery. Innovative strategies including gamification, multimodal learning approaches, technology-enhanced instruction, and contextualized cultural pedagogy demonstrate promising outcomes. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on Islamic education by proposing a comprehensive pedagogical framework that integrates traditional Islamic pedagogical values with contemporary instructional technologies. The research emphasizes the urgent need for systematic teacher professional development, curriculum redesign, and policy interventions to ensure the preservation and revitalization of Jawi literacy among young Muslim learners. Implications for educational practice, policy formulation, and future research directions are discussed within the context of maintaining Islamic cultural heritage while embracing pedagogical innovation.
Jawi script, Islamic primary education, pedagogical strategies, digital literacy, traditional literacy, educational innovation, qualitative research, cultural preservation
AI SURVEILLANCE, PRIVACY (ḤIFẒ AL-ʿIRḌ), AND HUMAN DIGNITY IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE
The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) surveillance technologies presents unprecedented challenges to privacy and human dignity, necessitating examination through the lens of Islamic jurisprudence. This study explores the intersection of AI-enabled surveillance systems with the Islamic principle of Ḥifẓ al-ʿIrḍ (protection of honor and privacy), which constitutes a fundamental objective (maqṣid) of Shariah. Through a comprehensive analysis of classical Islamic legal texts, contemporary fatwas, and current AI surveillance practices, this research investigates how Islamic ethical frameworks can address modern surveillance challenges while preserving human dignity (karāmah al-insān). The study employs a qualitative methodology integrating classical Islamic legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh) with contemporary technology ethics literature. Findings reveal that while Islam permits certain forms of surveillance for legitimate purposes (maṣlaḥah), AI surveillance systems often violate fundamental Islamic principles of privacy, consent, and human dignity through mass data collection, algorithmic bias, and unwarranted intrusion into private spaces. The research concludes that Islamic jurisprudence offers robust ethical guidelines for regulating AI surveillance, emphasizing the inviolability of private life, the requirement of legitimate necessity, proportionality in monitoring, and accountability mechanisms. This study contributes to the emerging discourse on Islamic digital ethics and provides practical recommendations for developing Shariah-compliant AI surveillance governance frameworks.
AI surveillance, privacy, Ḥifẓ al-ʿIrḍ, human dignity, Islamic jurisprudence, Maqasid al-Shariah, digital ethics, algorithmic accountability, Islamic law, technology ethics
GENEALOGIES OF TRUST, LOVE AND UNITY: KINSHIP BETWEEN THE PROPHET’S FAMILY AND HIS COMPANIONS
Shi‘i theological narratives often portray early Islamic history as marked by deep and irreconcilable conflict between the Ahl al-Bayt (the family of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) and the Sahabah (the Prophet’s Companions). Shi‘ite often employ such claims to argue that early Islamic political authority was established at the expense of the Prophet’s kin. This paper challenges such argument by presenting genealogical and historical evidence of widespread intermarriage, mutual respect, and sociopolitical cooperation between Ahl al-Bayt and the Sahabah. Marriage alliances, in particular, functioned as expressions of social legitimacy and trust, thus undermining narratives of hostility and disunity. Focusing on documented matrimonial relationships, especially those involving the children of Ali ibn Abi Ṭalib, Hasan ibn Ali, and Ḥusayn ibn Ali, this paper argues that kinship served as a bridge of alliance and affection, not a symbol of betrayal and hatred. Ultimately, using a historical-sociological approach to early Islamic history, the paper contends that early Islamic society was characterised by cohesion, reverence, and shared theological harmony rather than conflict between the Prophet’s family and his Companions.
Ahl al-Bayt, Sahabah, Sunni, Shi’ite, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
THE LEGACY OF INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE IN ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION: APPROACHES TO RESOLVING CONTEMPORARY CIVILIZATIONAL CONFLICTS
This study examines the legacy of interfaith dialogue in Islamic civilization, highlighting its potential to address contemporary civilizational conflicts and promote cultural and religious coexistence. The research begins with the concept of religious dialogue as an ethical imperative, grounded in the Qur’anic texts and the Prophetic model, and explores the philosophical and theological traditions of dialogue through the works of al-Ghazali, Ibn Rushd, and Maimonides, as well as the ethical role of classical Islamic literature on dialogue.The study also reviews historical models of coexistence, such as Andalusia, the Abbasid House of Wisdom, the dhimma system, and Islamic-Buddhist interactions from Central Asia to the global context. It analyzes the decline of the Islamic dialogical heritage and proposes contemporary approaches for its revival through maqasid al-sharia, pluralistic ijtihad, institutional initiatives, and the development of traditional and digital dialogical platforms.The study concludes that interfaith dialogue constitutes a renewed civilizational necessity, requiring the mobilization of Islamic historical heritage in ways compatible with modern challenges, to foster justice, mutual respect, and sustainable peaceful harmonious relations (instead of coexistence).
Islamic heritage, interfaith dialogue, coexistence, digital initiatives, global ethics
PRIORITIZATION OF ISLAMIC DETERMINANTS OF MENTAL WELLBEING USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)
Mental health problems among university students are increasing worldwide, and Muslim students face additional challenges related to maintaining their religious identity and practices in academic settings. While Islamic teachings and practices can support mental wellbeing, researchers have not systematically determined which Islamic factors are most important for helping students. This study used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritize Islamic determinants of mental wellbeing based on expert opinions. Nine experts including Islamic scholars, mental health professionals, and religious counselors evaluated four main areas: ritual practices, spiritual beliefs, ethical behavior, and community support. The analysis revealed that Islamic counselling was by far the most important factor, accounting for 81% of total importance, followed by ethical considerations at 49%, social support at 33%, gratitude at 11%, and prayer with remembrance at 7%. The extremely low consistency ratio of 0.0005 showed that expert judgments were highly reliable. These findings demonstrate that professional counselling integrated with Islamic principles is the most critical factor for supporting Muslim student mental health, while spiritual practices and community connections play important but secondary roles. The results provide practical guidance for universities and mental health professionals to develop effective, culturally appropriate mental health services for Muslim students. This research shows that the best approach combines professional mental health expertise with Islamic values rather than relying on spiritual practices alone. Universities should prioritize accessible Islamic counselling services supported by programs that promote ethical development, social connections, and spiritual engagement.
Islamic psychology, mental health, university students, Muslim students, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Islamic counselling, religious coping, spiritual practices, mental wellbeing,
ACROSS BORDERS AND CLASSROOMS: EXPLORING CURRICULUM THROUGH STUDENT MOBILITY
This study explores outbound student mobility as a form of curriculum inquiry rather than a mere administrative mechanism of internationalisation. Drawing on a qualitative case study of nine undergraduates from a northern university in Malaysia, placed at three Indonesian universities, data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and reflective journals to capture students’ lived experiences. Thematic analysis revealed three interrelated dimensions of learning: academic and intercultural development, challenges and coping strategies, and perceptions of institutional support. Students described mobility as a transformative curriculum beyond classrooms, where informal peer interactions and community engagement became powerful sites of learning. However, they also encountered structural frictions, including unclear credit transfer processes, administrative fragmentation, and inadequate pre-departure preparation. Coping strategies centred on peer support, self-regulation, and reframing adversity as growth. These findings highlight the hidden curriculum of mobility, encompassing emotional, financial, and bureaucratic negotiations that shape students’ resilience and agency. The study concludes that mobility should be reframed as praxis which is an integrated curriculum experience where administrative systems, peer ecologies, and lived challenges collectively construct learning. It recommends that institutions embed holistic preparation, structured peer mentoring, and multidimensional assessment frameworks to enhance the educational value of mobility programs in Malaysia and the wider region.
Student mobility, Curriculum as praxis, Hidden curriculum, Intercultural learning, Transformative education
PERCEPTIONS OF YOUTH IN PAHANG TOWARDS ZAKAT AND ITS RELEVANCE IN MODERN SOCIETY
vThis qualitative study examines the perceptions of youth in Pahang, Malaysia, towards zakat (Islamic almsgiving) and its relevance in contemporary society. Despite zakat being a fundamental pillar of Islam, there appears to be a concerning gap between religious obligation and practical implementation among young Muslims in Pahang. Through purposive sampling, this research engaged 30 participants aged 18-35 years through in-depth semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Thematic analysis revealed five major themes: (1) limited understanding of zakat mechanisms beyond basic religious education, (2) disconnect between traditional zakat administration and modern financial literacy, (3) trust concerns regarding zakat distribution transparency, (4) perceived lack of youth-centric engagement strategies by zakat institutions, and (5) recognition of zakat's potential for socioeconomic transformation when properly leveraged. The findings indicate that while Pahang youth acknowledge zakat's religious significance, many struggle to perceive its contemporary relevance due to inadequate education, communication gaps, and concerns about institutional effectiveness. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on Islamic philanthropy in Southeast Asia and offers practical recommendations for zakat institutions to enhance youth engagement through digital platforms, transparent reporting mechanisms, and youth-inclusive governance structures. The research underscores the urgent need for modernizing zakat administration to align with youth expectations while maintaining Islamic principles, thereby ensuring the sustainability of this vital institution for future generations.
Zakat perception, youth engagement, Islamic philanthropy, Pahang Malaysia, qualitative research, zakat administration, religious obligation, modern society
ISLAMIC SOCIALIZATION AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: HOW MOSQUES CULTIVATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AMONG YOUTH
This comprehensive study explores the multifaceted role of mosques as primary institutions of Islamic socialization in cultivating social responsibility and civic engagement among Muslim youth. Drawing extensively upon Quranic verses, Prophetic traditions (Hadith), classical Islamic scholarship, contemporary sociological theories, and empirical research, this paper examines the theological foundations and practical mechanisms through which mosques shape young Muslims' understanding of their civic duties and community obligations. The research demonstrates that Islamic teachings provide a robust framework for social responsibility, emphasizing collective welfare (maslaha), social justice (adalah), communal solidarity (ukhuwah), and stewardship (khilafah). Through systematic analysis of mosque-based educational programs, community service initiatives, leadership development activities, and social justice advocacy, this study reveals how Islamic socialization creates distinctive pathways to civic engagement. Findings indicate that mosques serve as vital platforms for comprehensive youth development, providing religious education, moral guidance, practical service opportunities, and leadership training that foster deep civic consciousness rooted in Islamic values. The paper argues that effective mosque-based socialization produces civically engaged youth who view community service as an integral expression of faith and understand social responsibility as a religious obligation rather than merely a secular civic duty.
Islamic socialization, civic engagement, mosques, Muslim youth, social responsibility, community participation, religious institutions, citizenship
DIGITAL DA'WAH AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACT: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF MUSLIM CONTENT CREATORS
This qualitative study examines the phenomenon of digital da'wah (Islamic proselytization) through the lens of Muslim content creators and their social impact on contemporary Muslim communities. Through in-depth interviews with 25 Muslim content creators across various digital platforms and thematic analysis of their content, this research explores how digital technologies have transformed traditional Islamic outreach methods and their implications for religious identity, community building, and social change. The findings reveal that digital da'wah operates through three primary mechanisms: accessibility enhancement, community formation, and cultural adaptation. Content creators navigate complex tensions between religious authenticity and digital engagement, while simultaneously addressing diverse audiences across generational, geographical, and sectarian boundaries. The study identifies significant social impacts including increased religious literacy among youth, democratization of Islamic knowledge, and the emergence of new forms of religious authority. However, challenges persist regarding content quality control, theological accuracy, and the commercialization of religious messaging. This research contributes to understanding the intersection of religion, media, and social transformation in the digital age, providing insights for religious leaders, policymakers, and digital platforms seeking to foster constructive online religious discourse
Digital da'wah, Muslim content creators, Islamic social media, religious identity, online communities, religious authority, digital religion, social impact
THE EFFECT OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT TRAINING ON ISLAMIC EDUCATION TEACHERS' INSTRUCTIONAL QUALITY
This study examines the effect of professional development training on the instructional quality of Islamic education teachers in Malaysian secondary schools. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 384 Islamic education teachers across five states in Malaysia through structured questionnaires. The study employed descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS to analyze the relationship between professional development training and instructional quality. Results revealed a significant positive relationship (r = 0.682, p < 0.001) between professional development training and instructional quality. Teachers who participated in professional development programs demonstrated significantly higher instructional quality scores (M = 4.23, SD = 0.52) compared to those without such training (M = 3.45, SD = 0.61). The regression model explained 46.5% of the variance in instructional quality (R² = 0.465, F = 110.234, p < 0.001). These findings highlight the critical importance of continuous professional development in enhancing Islamic education teachers' pedagogical competencies, particularly in integrating Shariah-compliant teaching methodologies and contemporary educational practices. Implications for policy makers, educational institutions, and teacher training programs are discussed.
Professional development, Islamic education, instructional quality, teacher training, Shariah compliance, pedagogical competency, Malaysia
THE ROLE OF QUR'ANIC PEDAGOGY IN DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
This essay examines the significant role of Qur'anic pedagogy in fostering critical thinking skills among secondary school students. The Qur'an, as the primary source of Islamic education, employs various pedagogical methods that encourage reflection, analysis, and intellectual engagement. This study explores how traditional and contemporary Qur'anic teaching methodologies can be integrated into secondary education to enhance students' analytical capabilities, problem-solving skills, and ethical reasoning. Through an examination of classical Islamic scholarship and modern educational research, this essay demonstrates that Qur'anic pedagogy offers a comprehensive framework for developing critical thinking that balances intellectual rigor with moral development. The findings suggest that incorporating Qur'anic pedagogical principles into secondary education can produce students who are not only intellectually competent but also ethically grounded and capable of addressing contemporary challenges with wisdom and discernment.
Qur'anic pedagogy, critical thinking, Islamic education, secondary education, tadabbur, reflection, analytical thinking, moral reasoning, Islamic scholarship
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE CREATION OF FAKE HADITH TEXTS: CHALLENGES FOR ISLAMIC SCHOLARSHIP
The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, particularly large language models and natural language generation systems, presents unprecedented challenges to Islamic scholarship in authenticating and preserving hadith literature. This paper examines the intersection of AI capabilities and hadith authentication, exploring how these technologies can both threaten and potentially strengthen traditional Islamic scholarly methods. The study analyzes the historical problem of fabricated hadiths, the technical capabilities of AI in generating convincing religious texts, and the multifaceted challenges facing contemporary Islamic scholars in maintaining the integrity of prophetic traditions. By synthesizing classical hadith sciences with modern technological understanding, this research proposes a framework for addressing AI-generated religious content while preserving the authenticity of Islamic knowledge transmission. The findings suggest that while AI poses significant risks to hadith authentication, it also offers opportunities for developing more sophisticated verification methodologies when combined with traditional Islamic scholarship.
authentication, Islamic scholarship, fabricated hadith, natural language processing, isnad verification, hadith sciences, digital Islamic studies, religious text authentication, machine learning
ISLAM, CIVIL SOCIETY, AND MODERNITY: PUBLIC THEOLOGY AMID CULTURAL NARRATIVE
This essay offers a historical and sociological analysis of the Islamic Renaissance in Baghdad and Córdoba, highlighting their significant contributions to the Enlightenment, civilization, and civil society. Using a world-system approach, I explore a post-Eurocentric perspective on the Islamic contribution to the commercial revolution and global capitalism, particularly during the thirteenth century in Egypt. This historical-sociological framework emphasizes the need for a post-Eurocentric stance when acknowledging Islam’s pivotal role in the European Renaissance. I employ the sociology of Islam and its study of modernity, focusing on the Nahda (Islamic Renaissance) and reform movements through an Islamic narrative, rooted in religious sources and intellectual achievements. The intellectual legacy of the debate between Al-Ghazali and Averroes remains a classic example of shaping public theology and its direction. A Muslim public theology marks a significant approach to contemporary issues such as popular sovereignty, religious pluralism, and emancipation, all within the framework of Tawhid (God’s oneness).
BEYOND LIGHT: THE THEORY OF DIVINE INSTANTANEITY IN THE PROPHET'S MI’RĀJ
This paper introduces the Theory of Divine Instantaneity (TDI) as a metaphysical framework for understanding the Isrā’ wa al-Mi‘rāj—the Night Journey and Ascension—of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. While classical Islamic theology affirms the reality of the Mi‘rāj as a miraculous journey through space and the heavens, the speed and structure of such an event challenge both empirical physics and conventional metaphysical models. Drawing upon Qur’anic language, prophetic traditions, and insights from classical Islamic cosmology, this study proposes that the Mi‘rāj did not involve physical acceleration but rather instantaneous actualization through Divine Will, as encapsulated in the Qur’anic formula: “Be, and it is” (Kun Fayakoon). The theory outlines a three-tiered model of reality—Dunya (material), Malakut (angelic), and Lahut (divine realm)—through which the Prophet ﷺ ascended, culminating in an encounter with the Divine beyond the limitations of creation. The paper distinguishes this metaphysical journey from physical motion, framing it instead as volitional causality operating beyond time and space. It further situates the theory alongside scientific analogies such as time dilation, quantum non-locality, and wormhole theory, not as validation but as conceptual resonance. TDI offers a coherent explanatory model for understanding the Mi‘rāj without compromising theological integrity or philosophical rigor. It also invites broader reflection on the nature of miracles, divine agency, and the spiritual elevation of the believer through practices such as ṣalāh. This theory stands as an original contribution to Islamic metaphysics, bridging tradition and contemporary inquiry
Mi‘rāj, Isrā’, Divine Will, Speed of Light, Islamic Cosmology, Metaphysics, Kun Fayakoon, Instantaneity
SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ON BRAILLE LITERACY IN SPECIAL EDUCATION: CHALLENGES AND BRAILLE EDUCATION STRATEGIES
This systematic literature review aims to evaluate the challenges and strategies in braille literacy for visually impaired students in special education. Major issues include inadequate technological support and insufficiently trained educators, highlighting a gap in integrating braille literacy into mainstream curricula and leveraging advanced technologies. The review's objective is to evaluate current practices and propose effective strategies to enhance braille education. Using the PRISMA framework, eight relevant studies were systematically reviewed. Findings reveal that continuous professional development for teachers and the integration of assistive technologies significantly improve braille literacy outcomes. Innovative tools show potential for making braille education more accessible globally. The review underscores the need for increased investment in technology, professional development, and the inclusion of braille literacy in mainstream education to promote inclusivity. This review contributes by identifying effective strategies to overcome barriers and suggesting measures to enhance braille literacy. Future research should focus on developing affordable, durable assistive devices and exploring new instructional methods to support visually impaired students worldwide. Aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, this review emphasizes the importance of ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all, particularly for students with visual impairments.
Braille Literacy, Tactile Reading, Touch Reading, Proficiency, Skills
NATURE AND NURTURE IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW FROM AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
The interplay between nature and nurture has long been debated in developmental psychology. While Western theories often treat the two as distinct or competing forces, Islamic teachings offer a harmonised view incorporating intrinsic disposition (fitrah) and external influences (tarbiyah). This conceptual paper aims to critically review the literature on nature versus nurture theories in child development, juxtaposing Western perspectives with insights from Islamic epistemology. Foundational theories from Rousseau, Locke, Piaget, and Vygotsky are explored alongside Islamic concepts of child-rearing, innate disposition, and environmental shaping. The paper argues that an integrated model, informed by Islamic teachings, provides a holistic framework for early intervention practices. This synthesis contributes to culturally responsive pedagogical frameworks in Muslim-majority contexts. Implications for early childhood professionals are discussed, particularly in aligning interventions with scientific evidence and Islamic ethical values. The review concludes that a balanced approach, recognising biological predispositions and contextual factors, is essential for nurturing optimal child development in culturally grounded ways.
Child Development, Nature vs Nurture, Islamic Psychology, Fitrah, Tarbiyah, Early Intervention, Developmental Theory
THE INTEGRATION OF ISLAMIC GEOMETRIC PATTERNS IN ART THERAPY: EXPLORING MINDFULNESS, SPIRITUAL CONNECTION, AND HEALING AMONG MUSLIM CLIENTS
This paper explores the integration of Islamic geometric patterns into art therapy practices as a culturally responsive approach for Muslim clients. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of culturally sensitive mental health interventions, there remains a significant gap in therapeutic modalities that specifically address the needs of Muslim populations while honoring their religious and cultural frameworks. This research examines how Islamic geometric patterns characterized by mathematical precision, symmetry, and spiritual symbolism can be effectively incorporated into art therapy to create interventions that resonate with Islamic worldviews while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. Drawing on recent empirical studies, demonstrates how engagement with Islamic geometric patterns can reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress while enhancing psychological well-being among Muslim clients. The research explores the theoretical foundations of Islamic geometric patterns, analyzes their inherent mindfulness-promoting qualities, examines their role in facilitating spiritual connection, and discusses practical applications in clinical settings. Through case studies and a review of existing literature, the paper identifies best practices for implementation while addressing ethical considerations and cultural competence requirements. The findings suggest that this integrative approach not only increases treatment engagement among Muslim clients but also represents a valuable model for culturally responsive mental health care that could have broader applications. Future directions for research and practice are outlined, emphasizing the need for more robust outcome studies, standardized protocols, and practitioner training programs in this emerging field.
Islamic Geometry, Art Therapy, Mindful, Spiritual, Muslim Clients Healing
BUILDING RESILIENCE THROUGH SPIRITUAL PRACTICES DURING CANCER SURVIVORSHIP
This study examines the role of Islamic spiritual practices in fostering resilience among cancer survivors, integrating contemporary psycho-oncology research with traditional Islamic teachings. Cancer survivorship presents multifaceted challenges that extend beyond physical recovery to encompass psychological adjustment, meaning-making, and spiritual growth. Within this context, Islamic spiritual frameworks offer distinctive resources for building resilience, including structured daily prayers (salat), Quranic recitation, remembrance practices (dhikr), cultivation of patience (sabr) and gratitude (shukr), community support (ummah), and charitable giving (sadaqah). The Islamic understanding of illness as potentially meaningful within a divine plan creates cognitive frameworks that facilitate post-traumatic growth. Research indicates that engagement with these practices correlates with improved quality of life, reduced psychological distress, and enhanced resilience throughout the cancer journey. This essay analyzes how specific Islamic spiritual practices contribute to resilience mechanisms, provides recommendations for healthcare providers and religious communities supporting Muslim cancer survivors, and identifies directions for future research. By integrating spiritual support with conventional medical care, healthcare systems can offer more holistic and culturally responsive approaches to enhancing resilience throughout the cancer survivorship trajectory.
Cancer, Survivor, Spiritual, Resilience, Survivorship
THE HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF SALAFISM THEOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION FROM SAUDI ARABIA TO ASIAN COUNTRIES
This study examines the multifaceted processes through which Salafi theological perspectives have been transmitted from Saudi Arabia to various Asian countries since the mid-twentieth century. Employing a historical and comparative approach, the research investigates the institutional mechanisms, transnational networks, and sociopolitical contexts that have facilitated this theological diffusion across Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Central Asia. The findings reveal that rather than representing a unidirectional flow of influence, Salafism's transmission to Asian contexts has involved complex processes of negotiation, adaptation, and contestation, resulting in diverse manifestations of "Asian Salafisms" that respond to local religious traditions and political environments while maintaining core theological principles. The study identifies four primary mechanisms of transmission: educational institutions and scholarship networks; financial networks and charitable organisations; migration and pilgrimage connections; and media and technological platforms. These mechanisms have enabled Salafi theology to establish significant footholds across Asia while simultaneously generating resistance from established religious authorities and state institutions in many contexts. The research contributes to understanding how transnational religious movements navigate diverse cultural landscapes in an era of globalization, highlighting the inseparability of theological transmission from material conditions, geopolitical considerations, and technological developments. These insights have significant implications for comprehending contemporary religious dynamics in Asia and beyond, particularly regarding questions of religious authority, authenticity, security concerns, and the impact of digital technologies on theological dissemination in the twenty-first century.
Salafism, Theology, Asian Countries, Pattern
MAQASID AL-SHARIAH IN THE AI ERA: BALANCING INNOVATION AND ISLAMIC ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies presents both unprecedented opportunities and complex ethical challenges for Muslim societies worldwide. This paper examines how Maqasid al-Shariah (the higher objectives of Islamic law) can serve as a comprehensive ethical framework for evaluating and guiding AI development and implementation. Through systematic analysis of AI applications across the five essential protections (daruriyyat) of Islamic law—faith, life, intellect, lineage, and wealth—this study demonstrates how the maqasid framework enables Muslims to engage critically with technological innovation while maintaining fidelity to Islamic ethical principles. The research reveals that certain AI applications demonstrate significant potential for supporting religious practice, enhancing healthcare outcomes, democratizing knowledge, strengthening family connections, and promoting economic inclusion. However, challenges emerge in areas such as algorithmic bias, surveillance technologies, intellectual dependency, reproductive technologies, and wealth concentration. By developing interdisciplinary approaches to technological governance grounded in maqasid theory, Muslim communities can navigate the digital transformation with both ethical integrity and innovative engagement. This paper contributes to the growing discourse on religiously-informed technology ethics by articulating a distinctively Islamic approach to AI governance that balances technological progress with human dignity, communal welfare, and spiritual values.
Maqasid Shariah, Artificial Intelligence, Challenge, Muslims
TEMPLAT PEMBINAAN MODEL HAJI MENINGKATKAN KEFAHAMAN MURID MEMBEZAKAN RUKUN DAN PERKARA WAJIB HAJI
Topik Haji dan Umrah merupakan subtopik bidang Fiqh bagi mata pelajaran Pendidikan Islam Tingkatan 4. Topik ini merupakan topik yang penting dalam kehidupan seorang pelajar muslim kerana ianya merupakan salah satu Rukun Islam dan juga turut terkandung dalam silibus Pendidikan Islam KSSM yang turut disoal dalam peperiksaan SPM. Berdasarkan dapatan awal keputusan Pentaksiran Pertengahan Tahun dan Pentaksiran Akhir Tahun Tingkatan 4 yang dijalankan oleh murid, kajian mendapati beberapa orang murid masih belum dapat membezakan di antara Rukun dan Perkara Wajib Haji. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk menambahbaik amalan pengajaran pengkaji dalam membantu murid membezakan Rukun dan Perkara Wajib Haji sekaligus meningkatkan kefahaman murid tentang perkara tersebut. Dalam kajian ini, murid membina Model Haji menggunakan templat yang disediakan oleh pengkaji untuk membantu mereka membezakan Rukun dan Perkara Wajib Haji. Data dikumpulkan melalui Pentaksiran Akhir Tahun dan analisis dokumen soalan Ujian Topikal 1 sebelum kajian dijalankan. Seramai 2 orang murid lelaki Tingkatan 4 Epsilon terlibat dalam kajian ini. Hasil dapatan kajian menunjukkan pembinaan Model Haji membantu meningkatkan kefahaman murid membezakan Rukun dan Perkara Wajib Haji berdasarkan peningkatan markah iaitu Murid 1 berjaya memperoleh sebanyak 72% markah manakala Murid 2 berjaya memperoleh markah sebanyak 92%. Pengkaji mengharapkan agar inovasi templat pembinaan model haji ini dapat membantu guru-guru Pendidikan Islam dalam menyampaikan pengajaran Topik Haji dan Umrah dengan lebih berkesan khususnya dalam membezakan Rukun Haji dan Perkara Wajib Haji.
Model Haji Rukun Haji Perkara Wajib Haji Haji Umrah
MEMBANTU MENINGKATKAN KEMAHIRAN MURID MENGHAFAL AYAT AL-QURAN MENGGUNAKAN HALAQAH I-VAK
Kurikulum Bersepadu Tahfiz (KBT) dan Tahfiz Model Ulul Albab (TMUA) merupakan salah satu kurikulum yang telah diperkenalkan di beberapa buah sekolah bawah Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Fokus kajian ini adalah untuk mewujudkan kelas hafazan yang mempunyai pelbagai alatan serta kaedah yang sesuai bagi membimbing murid yang mempunyai kecenderungan gaya pembelajaran yang berbeza-beza. Bagi memenuhi keperluan itu, Halaqah I-VAK yang menggunakan konsep V (Visual), A (Auditori), dan K (Kinestetik) diwujudkan bagi membantu murid menghafal ayat Al-Quran sekurang-kurangnya satu muka surat dalam tempoh satu hari. Tinjauan awal telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan kaedah pemerhatian dan temubual. Tinjauan ini mendapati tujuh orang daripada murid tingkatan 3 tidak dapat mencapai hafazan satu muka satu hari secara konsisten. Aktiviti yang dijalankan adalah dengan menggunakan alat yang sesuai mengikut kecenderungan gaya pembelajaran yang berbeza ketika menghafal al-Quran. Setelah menggunakan kaedah hafazan Halaqah I-VAK, tujuh orang murid tersebut telah berjaya menghafal satu muka satu hari bersamaan 20 muka surat dalam tempoh sebulan bahkan lebih daripada itu. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa kemahiran manghafal murid berjaya ditingkatkan setelah menggunakan kaedah hafazan yang sesuai dengan gaya pembelajaran murid. Kesimpulannya, Halaqah I-VAK bukan sahaja dapat mengatasi masalah pembelajaran murid dalam hafazan al-Quran malah dapat menggilap kreativiti guru.
Halaqah I-VAK visual auditori kinestetik